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Why are the white lines in dolerite (black granite)?
Diabase or dolerite is a type of igneous rock that is composed primarily of plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and sometimes olivine. Plagioclase feldspar, which is a type of feldspar that contains calcium and sodium, is typically the most abundant mineral in diabase. In some cases, diabase can displayRead more
Diabase or dolerite is a type of igneous rock that is composed primarily of plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and sometimes olivine. Plagioclase feldspar, which is a type of feldspar that contains calcium and sodium, is typically the most abundant mineral in diabase.
In some cases, diabase can display white lines or streaks that are composed of plagioclase feldspar. These white lines are commonly referred to as feldspar laths or feldspar porphyroblasts, and they are often visible to the naked eye.
The formation of these white lines is typically the result of a process known as crystal growth or crystallization. When diabase cools and solidifies from a molten state, the plagioclase feldspar crystals grow at different rates, with some crystals growing faster than others. This can lead to the development of large, well-formed feldspar crystals that are visible as white lines within the rock.
The presence of feldspar laths or porphyroblasts in diabase can be useful for geologists in identifying and classifying the rock. It can also provide insights into the conditions under which the rock formed, such as the rate of cooling and the presence of other minerals or substances in the magma
See lessWhat is dredging in gold mining?
Dredging is the underwater excavation of a placer deposit by floating equipment. Dredging systems are classified as mechanical or hydraulic, depending on the method of material transport. The bucket-ladder, or bucket-line, dredge has been the traditional placer-mining tool, and it is still the mostRead more
Dredging is the underwater excavation of a placer deposit by floating equipment.
Dredging systems are classified as mechanical or hydraulic, depending on the method of material transport.
The bucket-ladder, or bucket-line, dredge has been the traditional placer-mining tool, and it is still the most flexible method for dredging under varying conditions. It consists of a single hull supporting an excavating and lifting mechanism, beneficiation circuits, and waste-disposal systems.
The excavation equipment consists of an endless chain of open buckets that travel around a truss or ladder. The lower end of the ladder rests on the mine face—that is, the bottom of the pond where excavation takes place—and the top end is located near the centre of the dredge, at the feed hopper of the treatment plant.
The chain of buckets passes around the upper end of the ladder at a drive sprocket (called the upper tumbler) and loops downward to an idler sprocket (the lower tumbler) at the bottom. The filled buckets, supported by rollers, are pulled up the ladder and dump their load into the hopper.
After the valuable material has been removed by the treatment plant, waste is dumped off the back end of the dredge.
The clamshell dredge, another mechanical system, is characterized by a large single bucket operating at the end of cables.Although it can operate in deeper water than other systems and handles large particles and trash well, it has the disadvantage of being a discontinuous, batch-type system, taking approximately one bite per minute.
In pure hydraulic dredging systems, the digging and lifting force is either pure suction, suction with hydrojet assistance, or entirely hydrojet.
They are best suited to digging relatively small-sized loose material such as sand and gravel, marine shell deposits, mill tailings, and unconsolidated overburden.
Hydraulic dredging has also been applied to the mining of deposits containing diamonds, tin, tungsten, niobium-tantalum, titanium, monazite, and rare earths.
The digging power of hydraulic systems has been greatly increased by the addition of underwater cutting heads.
The cutter suction dredge has a rotary cutting head or other excavating tool for loosening and mixing soil at the face of the mine.
The material falls downward to the mouth of a centrifugal pump, and this transports the slurry (containing 20 to 25 percent solids) to the processing plant. Normally, the dredge is held in place during cutting by a pile called a spud. Winches and wire ropes are used to swing the dredge in an arc around the spud until all the material in the arc has been removed.
The dredge is then moved ahead and the process repeated. The cutter suction dredge is most suitable for mining softer deposits where the material is of a relatively low specific gravity or fine particle size—for example, in sand and gravel pits, phosphate mines, and various salt deposits.
See lessWhat is the difference between sand and clay?
Sand and clay are two types of sedimentary materials that differ in their particle size, mineral composition, and other physical properties. Sand is a granular material composed of rock fragments, minerals, or shells that range in size from 0.063 to 2 millimeters. Sand particles are generally largerRead more
Sand and clay are two types of sedimentary materials that differ in their particle size, mineral composition, and other physical properties.
Sand is a granular material composed of rock fragments, minerals, or shells that range in size from 0.063 to 2 millimeters. Sand particles are generally larger than clay particles and can be seen with the naked eye. Sand is often found on beaches and in deserts, and it is commonly used as a building material and in construction projects such as concrete and asphalt.
Clay, on the other hand, is a fine-grained sedimentary material that is composed of minerals such as mica, feldspar, and quartz. Clay particles are smaller than sand particles, with a diameter of less than 0.002 millimeters, and are typically not visible to the naked eye. Clay is often found in soil and is used for making pottery, bricks, and other ceramics.
In terms of physical properties, sand is typically more porous and allows for better drainage, while clay is more cohesive and tends to hold water and nutrients better. Sand is also less fertile than clay and has less nutrient-holding capacity. Clay soils can be difficult to work with because they are sticky when wet and hard when dry, while sand is more easily manageable.
Overall, sand and clay differ in their particle size, mineral composition, and physical properties, and are suited for different uses and applications.
See lessWhat is radiometric dating? How does it work, and why is it such an accurate way to date fossils? Why do Creationists claim that radiometric dating is inaccurate?
Radiometric dating is a technique used to determine the age of rocks, minerals, and fossils based on the decay of radioactive isotopes. It is based on the fact that some isotopes are unstable and will decay over time, transforming into other isotopes or elements at a predictable rate. The rate at whRead more
Radiometric dating is a technique used to determine the age of rocks, minerals, and fossils based on the decay of radioactive isotopes. It is based on the fact that some isotopes are unstable and will decay over time, transforming into other isotopes or elements at a predictable rate. The rate at which a particular radioactive isotope decays is known as its half-life, which is the time it takes for half of the original material to decay.
The most common types of isotopes used in radiometric dating are carbon-14, uranium-238, and potassium-40. Carbon-14 is useful for dating organic materials up to about 50,000 years old, while uranium-238 and potassium-40 are used for dating older rocks and minerals.
To determine the age of a sample using radiometric dating, scientists measure the ratio of parent isotopes to daughter isotopes in the sample. By knowing the half-life of the parent isotope and the ratio of parent to daughter isotopes, scientists can calculate the age of the sample.
Radiometric dating is considered a highly accurate way to date fossils because it is based on well-established principles of physics and chemistry, and the decay rates of isotopes are constant and predictable over time. Scientists can also cross-check the ages obtained from different isotopes and methods to ensure accuracy.
However, Creationists sometimes claim that radiometric dating is inaccurate because they believe in a literal interpretation of the Bible, which suggests that the Earth is only a few thousand years old. They argue that radiometric dating assumptions are faulty and that the decay rates of isotopes may have been different in the past. However, these claims are not supported by scientific evidence and are widely rejected by the scientific community
See lessWhat is difference between denudation and erosion?
Denudation and erosion are two related but distinct concepts in geology and geomorphology. Denudation refers to the overall process of wearing down and removing the Earth's surface materials, which can be caused by a variety of natural forces, including weathering, erosion, and mass wasting. DenudatRead more
Denudation and erosion are two related but distinct concepts in geology and geomorphology.
Denudation refers to the overall process of wearing down and removing the Earth’s surface materials, which can be caused by a variety of natural forces, including weathering, erosion, and mass wasting. Denudation can result in the loss of soil, rock, and other materials from the Earth’s surface, and can lead to changes in the topography and overall landscape.
Erosion, on the other hand, specifically refers to the physical process of wearing away and removing soil, rock, and other materials from the Earth’s surface by the action of water, wind, or ice. Erosion can be caused by a variety of factors, including rainfall, wind, waves, glaciers, and human activities such as mining and construction.
So, denudation is a more general term that includes erosion, as well as other processes such as weathering and mass wasting, while erosion specifically refers to the physical process of material removal by water, wind, or ice
See lessWhat is the hydrothermal ore forming?
Hydrothermal ore deposits are minerals that are formed from hot, mineral-rich fluids that circulate through the Earth's crust. These fluids, which are a mixture of water and various dissolved minerals, are heated by magma and other geological processes, and are then expelled from the Earth's interioRead more
Hydrothermal ore deposits are minerals that are formed from hot, mineral-rich fluids that circulate through the Earth’s crust. These fluids, which are a mixture of water and various dissolved minerals, are heated by magma and other geological processes, and are then expelled from the Earth’s interior through vents in the crust.
When these hot fluids come into contact with cooler rocks and minerals, they can deposit minerals such as sulfides, oxides, and silicates in the surrounding rocks. Over time, these mineral deposits can become concentrated and form ore deposits, which can be mined for valuable minerals such as copper, gold, silver, and zinc.
The formation of hydrothermal ore deposits is an important process in the formation of many types of mineral deposits, including porphyry copper deposits, epithermal gold deposits, and volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits. These deposits can have a significant impact on the economies of the regions where they are found, and can provide important resources for various industries, including mining, metal production, and electronics.
See lessWhat is the process of ore forming?
All the common ore-forming elements are present in magmas and ordinary rocks, in amounts ranging from a few parts per billion to several thousands of parts per million. Selective concentration of one or more ore constituents to form a mineral deposit is achieved by some combination of the following:Read more
All the common ore-forming elements are present in magmas and ordinary
rocks, in amounts ranging from a few parts per billion to several thousands of
parts per million. Selective concentration of one or more ore constituents to
form a mineral deposit is achieved by some combination of the following:
The ore-forming processes may be grouped into the following four broad
categories:
- Orthomagmatic processes
- Sedimentary processes
- Metamorphic processes
- Hydrothermal processes
See lessWhat type of soil is gold found in near Islamabad?
I am not sure about what type of soil gold is typically found in near Islamabad, Pakistan. The location and type of soil in which gold is found can vary depending on the specific geology of the area and the methods used for mining. In general, gold is typically found in areas with a high concentratiRead more
I am not sure about what type of soil gold is typically found in near Islamabad, Pakistan. The location and type of soil in which gold is found can vary depending on the specific geology of the area and the methods used for mining. In general, gold is typically found in areas with a high concentration of other minerals, such as veins of quartz or other hard rocks. Additionally, gold is often found in areas with a history of volcanic activity, as this can lead to the formation of mineral-rich soils.
See lessWhat is the most important branch of geology?
It is difficult to say which branch of geology is the most important as each branch has its own unique contributions to the field. Some branches that are considered important include: Structural geology, which deals with the study of the deformation and structural evolution of rocks PetroleumRead more
It is difficult to say which branch of geology is the most important as each branch has its own unique contributions to the field. Some branches that are considered important include:
Structural geology, which deals with the study of the deformation and structural evolution of rocks
Petroleum geology, which focuses on the study of oil and gas reservoirs
Economic geology, which deals with the study of mineral and fossil fuel deposits
Environmental geology, which deals with the study of the impacts of natural and human-induced processes on the environment
Plate tectonics, which deals with the study of the movement and behavior of Earth’s lithosphere
The most important branch of geology is subjective and can vary depending on the specific field or application. However, some commonly recognized important branches of geology include:
Ultimately, the most important branch of geology is the one that addresses the specific questions or problems at hand.
See lessVolcanic materials
⚒️🔥 Volcanic materials 🔥⚒️ When volcanoes erupt, solid rock debris, molten materials (magma) and gases come out. ♦️️ rock debris: As a result of volcanic eruptions, solid rock debris of various types and sizes usually emerges in the initial period of a volcanic eruption. The rock debris is derived fRead more
⚒️🔥 Volcanic materials 🔥⚒️
When volcanoes erupt, solid rock debris, molten materials (magma) and gases come out.
♦️️ rock debris:
As a result of volcanic eruptions, solid rock debris of various types and sizes usually emerges in the initial period of a volcanic eruption. The rock debris is derived from the hardened crust that is extracted from the walls of the neck as a result of the strong and violent push of lava and gaseous materials emanating from magma. Rock debris is composed of materials of different sizes, including rock blocks, shells and embers, sand and volcanic dust.
♦️️ Gases:
Water vapor gases emerge from volcanoes during their activity, and it emanates in great quantities, forming huge clouds in which dust and other gases mix with it. These vapors condense, causing heavy rains to fall in the vicinity of the volcano. The explosions and rain are accompanied by the occurrence of electric lights that arise from the friction of volcanic ash granules with each other and as a result of air disturbances, except for the extremely hot water fumes, the volcano emits multiple gases, the most important of which are hydrogen, chlorine, sulfur compounds, nitrogen compounds, carbon compounds and oxygen.
♦️️ Lava:
They are liquid masses ejected by volcanoes, with a temperature between 800°C and 1200°C. The lava emanates from the crater of the volcano, as well as through the cracks and fractures in the sides of the volcanic cone, those fractures that are created by the explosions and the pressure of the magma masses.
Light lava:
This is characterized by the bone of its viscosity, and therefore it is slow flowing, like the lava that emanated from the Pelly volcano (in the Martinique Islands in the Caribbean) in 1902. It was so thick and sticky that it was unable to move, and it began to accumulate and rise, forming a tower above the crater, with a height of about 300 meters. Then, soon after that, it was broken and shattered as a result of the explosions caused by the exit of gases.
⚒ Dark heavy lava:
It is basaltic lava, and it is characterized by being highly liquid and mobile, and it flows in the form of streams on the slopes of the volcano, and when this lava emerges through large fractures, it spreads over huge areas forming spacious plateaus, such as the Abyssinian Plateau and the Deccan Plateau in India and the Columbia Plateau in North America.
🔥️ Volcanic materials
🔹️Volcanic Solids:
The parts that make up volcanic rocks are:
⚒Volcanic ejecta:
It is a frozen magma and lava ejected to the surface.
⚒ Pumice rock:
It is a silicate foam that is evaporated by gases.
⚒Volcanic ash:
It results from the fragmentation and scattering of the frozen magma summit in the neck of the volcano under the influence of pressure and steam, and it hardens quickly.
🔹️Liquid volcanic materials magma and lava (lava):
It consists of liquid materials from the lava that flows burning from the crater to great distances sometimes, and the extent of lava liquidity is subject to several factors. Such as the slope of the earth, the nature of magma and lava (viscous or fluid) and the viscosity ratio depends on the percentage of silica, and on the strength of the volcano
Gaseous volcanic materials:
See lessAmong the most important gases emitted from volcanoes are:
⚒ water vapor
⚒ Hydrocarbon compounds
⚒ sulfur dioxide